As far as brand of guitar at first, I would not stress this at all. You will really need to find out what brand fits your taste in tone & playability. Most large manufactures of guitars would work for a first and I would not spend more than $100 until you know you love the instrument.
I would honestly recommend learning on an acoustic guitar and preferably one that you can get your hands on anytime you want. Barrowing can work to see if your intrest in genuine, but believe me you will want to get your own. I was lucky that a guy I lived with when I was 19 had a pretty beat up old Washburn guitar that after some convincing he sold to me for $40.
I proceeded to torture the world
Insidently I can't stand washburn guitars now and would most likely not buy one. Thats my taste though, im sure they have some out there that sound good.
You will find that great guitar manufactures can make crap guitars, just as supposidly crap brand can put out a good one. And I don't mean model, I mean the individual instrument. I would not even concern yourself with this until you find out if you really like to play.
I would not recommend ordering out of a catolog. That to me is a hit or miss, you might get lucky, you might get a guitar so warped it's unplayable. Im not exagerrating, a good friend of mine ignored this advice and ended up having to ship back the first guitar he ordered from a catolog. The neck was so warped it was truly unplayable. These would be the Musicians Friend type catologs - lower end instruments. Im sure there are high end instrument catologs out there where you can be confident they are going to deliver a real solid guitar - but i've never had that kind of money to spend. These would be hand made instuments most likely, not manufactured. Were talking starting in the thousands.
Ways I learned, hmm. I seemed to get the most info from books, but this does not work for everyone. I really wanted to learn to play the blues so I got a book that was understandable and came with a CD. Being able to listen to what it *should* sound like is really important.
Out of all the books I found, The Complete Guitarist by Richard Chapman was by far the most helpful. You can find it in any Borders, or Barnes & Noble style book stores for $20.
Another major recommendation! Seriously, go to the local music shop and get a cheap tuner. First one I bought was $20, I have been playing now 7 years and still use it. The brand was Korg which I do recommend. They make really great inexpensive tuners.
This will help you know that the instrument is 'in tune' easily without having to have your ear trained. This will come with time, after a few years you will probably be able to tune it by ear.
Okay one more thing and i'll shut up.. Scales. You will see this again, and again if you get into learning the guitar or any instrument including your voice. Practing scales in such a way that you are hearing the individual note ring full before you play the next note - that will help you learn to hear the instrument. Playing scales for even a few minutes every day will make a huge difference in your playing. I can guarantee it. And I do mean everyday, if possible try to play for even just a few minutes everyday. This will make a monster of a difference as you get used to the instrument.
I would guess that as you go you'll start to hear the sound more intricately, details. Playing slowly and really concentrating on listening to it helps a lot. Do not sit down with your guitar and watch TV! It is possible to teach yourself the wrong way. You are developing muscle memory when you are playing, if you practice fast and sloppy you will play sloppy. They key is to slow it down at first and yeah, it can be really hard for someone else listening to you learn. Take what they say with a grain of salt and don't let it discorage you. Some people will not like that you are trying to learn and to them buchering the peace. They will come around to be your biggest fan once you pass the real first learning hurdle and have some basics down.
If you go with the acoustic guitar, you can go to a park or where ever to be alone and play. Which is actually a major reason why I recommend it. They are simple, you sit down, you tune it, and start playing. No volume and tone dials to mess with/ amplifier setting to change. Really this can be as complicated or as simple as you want it to be.
That book I listed covers scales very well. In fact it's why I liked the book so much. It will really give you a complete understanding.
So this is really an opinion, im sure there are things here that some really great guitarists would disagree with. Especially the scales bit ha ha. You need a place to start though, and this did work for me.