The 100 Greatest Science Fiction/Fantasy Novels of All Time

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The 100 Greatest SFF Novels of All Time

by ALEX CARNEVALE

What to read? It is a question asked mostly by women, who comprise the majority of America's reading public. Males make up some teensy other part. Either sex is challenged by a lack of a path through difficult material. It is difficult to know what is best. Although many have made a distinction between the fantasy and science fiction fields, I see no reason to arbitrary draw such a lien. The novels I find I most enjoy straddle the boundaries of the two, which is not to say that hard science fiction and pure fantasy don't retain their pleasures, and many books characterized at such found their way to this list.

At the nexus of the two genres is where the human imagination begins to reveal frightful and hopeful things about our own society. Sometimes I will come across someone reading what looks to me like a really boring book; e.g. anything by F. Scott Fitzgerald or James Patterson or Bill Bryson. Instead look to the vast store of cheap entertainment found in these immemorial classics of the page:

100. The Word For World Is Forest by Ursula K. LeGuin *

An extraordinary powerful novel inspired by Vietnam in LeGuin's Hainish series, where one planet gives the gift of interstellar travel to the universe.

99. Sorcerer's Son by Phyllis Eisenstein

An original fantasy with the crucial grasp of how to make magic entertaining and plausible, not silly and random. Castles and sorcerers were never so deftly done.

98. Beggars in Spain by Nancy Kress

Kress is in true command in her short fiction, but this was her memorable attempt to capture how our society might change and still endure.

97. The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch

One of his more well-thought out plots with interesting commentary on religion and sacrifice.

96. Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson

Incredibly entertaining and knowing about all sort of aspects of life, some of which I'd never even thought of before.

95. Jonathan Strange and Mr. Norrell by Susanna Clarke *

An out-of-nowhere smash with rich detail.

94. The Company by K.J. Parker *

Parker's been one of the most exciting new writers to appear in the field. The Company is the best thing written about the meaning and import of war in two decades.

93. An Evil Guest by Gene Wolfe

Wolfe's inspired memoriam on Karl Rove, the Republican party, and the politics of the future. An insanely complex and deep science fiction story lurks below a Lovecraftian blend of Christianity and atheism. Easily the best book of 2008.

92. Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton

This list is also about pure readability " these books should flow easily into your subconscious, hopefully inhabiting your dreams. Park did more than that; it inspired an entire generation of fossile hunters, and it did it with a gripping adventure story that was also a pure morality play to the very last. Every time the story is told, we ask ourselves what to do with these beasts out of time? No answer forthcomes.

91. Danny, The Champion of the World by Roald Dahl *

To me pheasants were creatures of the farthest imagination. Danny is the deepest and darkest about having a father and what the meaning of having a father should be. I also find Danny, the Champion of the World incredibly frightening in its discussion of total vulnerability and fear of death and absolution.

90. Camp Concentration by Thomas Disch

Disch killed himself, a harsh end to one of SF's great cult heroes. Camp Concentration is a novel about prisons real and imagined, and its subtlety is convincingly rewarding in comparison to other novels that approach the same. Kafka-inspired, it reminds one of the master. What greater compliment is there?

89. Swordspoint by Ellen Kushner

Sly, understated, and poignantly delivered, Kushner wrote an incredible novel near the tail end of the 1980s. I never really cared for the sequel, but the original should be paired with the protagonist's origin story that she wrote last year and rereleased as one volume.

88. Song of Kali by Dan Simmons

As horror novels go, this one's relatively simple. Like Simmons' brilliant retelling of the death of Charles Dickens in Drood, this isn't all that it appears. Simmons is a preternaturally talented genius.

87. Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card

Some call Speaker a sequel to Ender's Game, but the books are vastly different. Here is larger scope, greater torment. Xenocide followed, a worthy sequel before the series grew inevitably stale without a common element or quest. Card would remedy that inefficiency with the Alvin Maker books, his shot at creating an American fantasy.

86. A Canticle for Leibowitz by Walter Miller *

The post-apocalyptic theme is so dumb and I never really liked it until I read Walter Miller's version.

85. Sphere by Michael Crichton

The slightly better book, Sphere had a really strange Barry Levinson movie. It's basically a sub movie recast as a alien movie recast as a psychological fantasy. I have always found its claustrophobic environment enhancing. Crichton's remaking of adventure novels with science fiction was prescient.

84. Fevre Dream by George R.R. Martin

The quintessential vampire story turned on its head. GRRM sets his vampire mythos in the legends of the American South, and essentially condemns slavery and blood-drinking as different but the same. A masterful treatment of the Dracula theme.

83. The Alteration by Kingsley Amis

Amis' disturbing vision of England without the Reformation.

82. The Dragonriders of Pern by Anne McCaffrey

In this distinguished and wildly successful stint at world-building, McCaffrey built a fantasy of extreme and exciting possibilities that could capably consider almost any topic.

81. The Anubis Gates by Tim Powers

Time travel stories are uniformly bad except when they aren't.

80. Watership Down by Richard Adams *

An astonishing novel of anecdotal ecology, the best book ever written from the perspective of the animal.

79. Griffin's Egg by Michael Swanwick

If man evolves and no longer is man, what's left? Swanwick's virtues have been praised recently in these pages.

78. Altered Carbon by Richard K. Morgan

Supreme inheritor of the noir sensibility, Morgan's chilling novel sets a murder mystery in a near unrecognizable version of future Earth.

77. Free Live Free by Gene Wolfe

A waystation for indigents in modern-day Chicago, a time-travel story with balls and depth. Wolfe's haunting and miraculous horror novel is more unnerving that any Eli Roth movie.

76. Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke *

Clarke was a decent scribe, but most of his work is a bit on the clumsy side. Not so with Rama, a scattered exploration of how space might fare put in close context with man.

75. Ringworld by Larry Niven *

A wonderful out-of-the-box fantasy and introduction to Niven's Known Space universe.

74. Schismatrix by Bruce Sterling

A talented short story writer, Sterling created the perfect collection of this transcendant material with Schismatrix Plus.

73. Old Man's War by John Scalzi *

The best science fiction can offer is some concrete re-imagining of what will actually become of us. In the world of Old Man's War, Scalzi consistently poses the bitter questions, and answers them with even tougher ones. By the time he's rehashing Heinlein's usual space colony plot in The Last Colony you feel more bowled over than ever.

72. Maske: Thaery by Jack Vance

Vance's flawless bildungsroman takes up eminent domain in the context of a spy story and moving clash of cultures. A phenomenal example of how to write serious but simple fantasy.

71. The Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley

First and foremost a telling of one of the most intriguing human myths in a very fun way.

70. The Martian Chronicles by Ray Bradbury *

Still feels very cinematic if not very edgy. Bradbury's future history is always fun to relive.

69. Flow My Tears The Policeman Said by Philip K. Dick

Almost everything written about future America is dwarfed by Dick's dystopia. It has now become a SF cliché, but Dick remakes it with thought and verve in this book and the 15th ranked book on this list.

68. The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov

Asimov was a determined technician and an inspired historian. This is a great example of his ability to take a familiar theme and completely flip it on its head.

67. The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson

It is something extraordinary to write with real feeling about places, people and ideas when most of them are invented. Stephenson's extraordinary perceptiveness is the key to this steampunk fantasy, and the plaudits of his readers are his true reward.

66. The High Crusade by Poul Anderson

We always imagine that human cultures that preceded us wouldn't fare well against starfaring conquerors. Anderson undermines this point of view by casting the early English amongst the stars. The English villager is a hearty sort, but Anderson's grasp of what makes alien cultures 'alien' is pitch-perfect. A hilarious book.

65. A Song for Lya by George R.R. Martin

A beautiful story about our common empathy for others, life as a kind of parasite.

64. At the Mountains of Madness by H.P. Lovecraft

How to come at Lovecraft but from an angle? Here was one of predictive sensibilities and great zest for the occult. At the Mountains is among his finest work, but there is so much else to recommend.

63. Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes *

When we imbue ourselves with recognition for nonhuman intelligences, we enrich the closeness between all peoples of difference. This message floats about in a terrific but sad novel.

62. Wildlife by James Patrick Kelly

A pitch-perfect classic of the future. Imagine Requiem of a Dream crossed with Hunter S. Thompson's most fevered imaginings. A rewardingly sad story.

61. The Book of Knights by Yves Maynard

The most time-honored standard in fantasy fiction redefined for a new era. A most moral adventure.

60. The Wheel of Time by Robert Jordan

No knock on Jordan. His series is long and impressive, and full of pleasant malefactions and strange echoes of America's military history. Its characters are numerous and sometimes difficult to track, but the rewards the story provides in the moments it strains to achieve make the journey worthwhile.

59. Forever Peace by Joe Haldeman

The advancement of technology will soon consume our experience of everything, especially how we act as a species. Haldeman describes this triusm and watches the inevitable new humanity emerge from the wreckage of an action story.

58. Nightwings by Robert Silverberg

A novel in three discrete parts, Silverberg's masterpiece of science fantasy imagines a dessicated Earth vividly.

57. The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien *

A small little tale of sheer perfection, Bilbo was such a memorable and worthy person that it felt reassuring to get to know him in such a fashion. Therefore handing off his tale to Frodo seem a difficult and preposterous transition, until you figured out it was all about man's love for man.

56. Cat's Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut

The doomsday book, the one about death in every molecule of life. Vonnegut writes at his highest level here.

55. Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon

This was his best effort at describing a philosophy in terms of a world.

54. The Book of the Short Sun by Gene Wolfe

Following right after his Book of the Long Sun, this effort takes us to dual planets of Blue and Green, where inhumani stalk people and machines, and Horn tries to unite his worlds.

53. The Forever War by Joe Haldeman *

His reimagining of his experience in Vietnam as space conquest rendered bloody and mind-numbing. The novella inside, the tale of the soldier's return to a society he no longer recognizes, is a masterpiece in itself, but Haldeman is also interested in turning over in his mind the harshest parts of a military life.

52. Foundation by Isaac Asimov

He imagined civilizations across the stars and an Encyclopaedia Galactica.

51. The Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. LeGuin *

A magical fantasy epic, LeGuin wrote slightly down to a younger reader, and she found a new and growing audience to appreciate her impeccable grasp of how individuals interpret and reacts to their civilizations.

50. The Wizard Knight by Gene Wolfe

Wolfe challenged himself by taking the most traditional theme and flipping it around so many times. As effortless as magic properly done.

49. The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand

Rand took as subject the plight of the individual in a society that attempted to squelch his purpose and initiative at every turn. Through the story of Howard Roark, we begin to appreciate and see for the first time the visible constraints on ourselves that were invisible before. Among the most widely read books ever written.

48. The Demon Princes by Jack Vance

The most erudite and entertaining discourse on the subject of revenge and justice short of Kill Bill. Relentless, interplanetary fun along the Gaean Reach with Kirth Gersen and the women he loves and doesn't love. So funny you're still laughing when you start crying, and probably vice versa. Ranks with Vance's finest cultural, social, and moral investigations.

47. Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card

The simplest and oldest of science fiction conceits: a boy is raised at war to save his people.

46. The Baroque Cycle by Neal Stephenson

A marvelous explanation of world history as pieces of a larger puzzle. Incredibly erudite and incidentally educational.

45. Alastor by Jack Vance

Three vast and inspiring novels on the theme of utopia. The first has an astonishing setting and Vance's favorite invented game: hussade. The second of the two is a comedy of manners to set you up for the last, Wyst, which is every bit as moving and disturbing as the best utopian fiction, and with a more satisfying result.

44. The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells *

Invasion is a classic human story, because of the likelihood that it will happen in our lifetime.

43. Flatland by Edwin Abbott *

Math and science are close bedfellows, but it is hard to inscribe such arcane pleasures in the guise of fiction. Abbott solved that difficult riddle marvelously.

42. Farmer in the Sky by Robert Heinlein *

His only novel to take place on Ganymede, Jupiter's Moon. It presents incredible understanding of every subject it approaches, first and foremost that of a child growing up into an adult.

41. A Scanner Darkly by Philip K. Dick

The drug culture never had a better advocate and enemy than Philip K. Dick. Great movie, too.

40. Animal Farm by George Orwell *

Above all, a very funny book about the intransigence of people to live correctly.

39. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams *

An incomparable marvel of high and low humor, left and right galaxies. The sequels didn't have as much promise, but Adams always clued you in on the joke.

38. Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut Jr.

His own novel about what men become in war. Very discursive for the time and full of knowing insights.

37. Lyonesse by Jack Vance

A hilarious and exciting fantasy set in the Elder Isles, which sank into the Atlantic Ocean. The series is enchanting beyond anything else in the genre. The middle of the first book provides a vicious shock unique to Vance's distinctive patterning of individuals.

36. Starship Troopers by Robert Heinlein *

The first military adventure to grip us by our lapels and inform on exactly what war was, why it was waged, and how to go about waging it without losing your soul. As always, the enemy must be nameless and unthinking, until the enemy is no longer as threatening as the thought of continued war.

35. True Names by Vernor Vinge

Vinge's story basically described what would happen when diverse intelligence connected with each other on the internet. He was right about almost everything, and no one had really thought of this before, so the story has retained a certain flair even though Vinge was still improving as a writer of fiction.

34. Ubik by Philip K. Dick

Time travel has gotten so stale that J.J. Abrams plans to use it on all of his TV shows. Dick shows J.J. how it's really done, with plenty of personalities and jawdropping moments in time and space. He never had quite this much fun again.

33. The Hyperion Cantos by Dan Simmons *

Man's conquest of the stars is inevitable; Simmons detailed some of the potential complexities with such an arrangement. Hyperion is a wondrous and incantatory setting for some of the best words per entertainment science fiction has ever seen. A wild and amazing ride.

32. Citizen of the Galaxy by Robert Heinlein *

Besides its many virtues as a narrative, it is among the finest pieces of anti-slavery prose written by a white man. Heinlein's concerns are many: the rise of poverty, the existence of nationalism and prejudice, the vagaries of wealth. He concentrates them all in this modest tale about a slave bought at an auction by a particularly free-thinking individual, and raised across the stars.

31. A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle

This was a book for children? I still remember the first confusing words of A Wrinkle in Time, proof that I was not alone in the universe. How they teach this book to young people is beyond me. Even now, mysteries arise and emerge out of each tesseract made real. A book still ahead of its time.

30. A Fire Upon The Deep by Vernor Vinge

Both an immensely moving epic and a hilarious commentary on the primitive stages of the Internet, Vinge created two amazing alien spieces and never lost track of the personal in a world where gods appear out of the Beyond.

29. Pale Fire by Vladimir Nabokov

He was just never bad, and here he was at his immortal best with an examination of the interconnections between all that is and will be. A true classic with fantasy undertones. Like most masterpieces, its straddling of genre is part of the charm.

28. More Than Human by Theodore Sturgeon *

What happens to homo sapiens after we die on the inevitable altar of natural selection?

27. Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury *

The idea that anyone who destroys knowledge is a sinister creature is directly related to this novel, and it has guided many estate lawyers.

26. 1984 by George Orwell *

As a ripping good read, it's slow and methodical in parts. Its ideas are so clearly subsumed within our culture that it seems funny to think that really this was a utopian fantasy of serious horror. If this book didn't exist, we'd still be waiting for someone to write it.

25. I Am Legend by Richard Matheson *

Matheson's version of the vampire apocalypse, it is a far deeper mix in print, and funny, too.

24. The Cadwal Chronicles by Jack Vance

Like much of Vance's work, its ostensible subject is the ownership of everything. Cadwell is a secluded planet as nature observatory where a class of elites dominates the undermen Yips. In three volumes it approaches titanic questions philosophical and strategic, and dispenses with them for the fun of revenge and the purity of moral action. Wayness Tamm is among fiction's great heroines.

23. Lost Horizon by James Hilton *

The gorgeous, austere fantasy classic that inspired a generation. Lost Horizon is about coming to terms with the limits of your own life.

22. Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll *

So much of what we think is unusual flows from this book.

21. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum *

Fantasy as a triumph granted to us upon crossing of worlds.

20. The Fifth Head of Cerebus by Gene Wolfe *

The greatest novella ever written in any genre, this is Wolfe's tribute to Proust, and these two crazy planets are a lot more interesting than upper-caste France. Also one of the great mysteries written in English. Thank God for Gene Wolfe.

19. A Song of Ice And Fire by George R.R. Martin

With Martin 1100 pages into the fifth book, what better time to revisit a deep and complex epic than before its HBO premiere?

18. Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein *

The simplest science fiction story infused with the basic tenets of Heinlein's philosophy of free love. The best alien ever makes you want to taser E.T. until he stops his weird relationships with young boys.

17. The Fionavar Tapestry by Guy Gavriel Kay

Awe-inspiring scope that never falters or is intimidated by the wild fantasy. More real and telling about humanity than The Great Gatsby.

16. The Master and the Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov

The finest non-Orwell repudation of communism packaged in a wild novel that rises above doctrine, creed, or power.

15. The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick

His conceptually fascinating contradiction of Triumph of the Will. Only Dick could turn something so natural and simple into the darkest of mysteries.

14. All My Sins Remembered by Joe Haldeman

Most books have some things, but this book has everything. Haldeman's underappreciated masterpiece is begging to be a big budget film, but for now it's available whenever you want to leave this world, and go beyond it. The best presentation of mystery in the genre since Edgar Allen Poe.

13. The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien *

It has been the major influence of many horrible things, but also many wonderful things. Where it leans on frivolity and wishful thinking, it is forgiven. It's really hard to read these today with how far things have come, but an important effort at the time.

12. Planet of Adventure by Jack Vance

The greatest series of adventure novels ever written. Real thrills that come from Vance's immaculate ear, revolutionary style, and deftness with plot. The most fun you can have with books.

11. Dune by Frank Herbert *

Why is this arcane tale of sand people such potent fodder? It is at once a brilliant retelling of the destruction of the Earth and a cipher for all our wants and deepest desires. Herbert's supreme achievement is a bit dated today, but still brilliantly structured and legendary.

10. A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess *

We've all seen the Kubrick movie, which captures this brand of madness better than most films. The subject of violence in our culture gets short shrift because artists opine against it constantly. Thus genre can encompass what traditional fiction cannot.

9. The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. LeGuin *

Her Hainish cycle is full of vastly different works, but the strange people of Winter are an unforgettable brew. LeGuin is the supreme master of how we belong to our cultures more than our institutions. Her descriptions of intercourse among the native peoples are among the most startling in all of history. Incredibly, she would go on to top this perfect novel.

8. The Book of the New Sun by Gene Wolfe

Jack Vance's Dying Earth was a comedy of errors; Severian's tale is a tragedy beyond measure. Wolfe basically rewrites Earth's languages and culture until they look unrecognizably familiar. Close to perfect as a series of four can get.

7. Brave New World by Aldous Huxley *

The theme of utopia is never properly done for obvious reasons. Huxley built on other's shoulders to ask all the right questions. In doing so, he raised his subject matter above its usual weaknesses and infused it with a new point of view, the objective of any truly great piece of literature.

6. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley *

She came first, and there was no better. Even today, Frankenstein is no more than a mere afternoon's reading, but it raises questions that never stop being summoned by the recesses of the modern mind. Maybe the only myth that truly matters.

5. Tigana by Guy Gavriel Kay

It is the hardened tale of revolution in a strange and sacred place. As far as contemporary fantasies go, it has to look up on no other. Awesome sorcery, staggering statesmanship, perfect action and characterization. A nearly perfect novel.

4. The Dispossessed by Ursula K. LeGuin *

How do we live with each other without breaking our societies apart? LeGuin took the two sister planets concept to unbelievable heights. Shevek's tale is possibly the only one that matters, and I won't be shocked if it inspires a religion and saves us all at some point down the road.

3. The Dying Earth by Jack Vance

Vance picked up this world again in the early 1980s with the masterful Cugel's Saga and finished it off with Rhialto the Marvellous. Along with the original eponymous volume and quite easily the greatest fantasy sequence ever devised in The Eyes of the Overworld, these books provide everything of what we seek from literature: wry humour, great sorrow, masterful prose and dialogue, and intricately beautiful plotting.

2. The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress by Robert Heinlein *

Science fiction and fantasy have played roughly equal part in this list, but there is a fantasy element to Heinlein's ultimate masterpiece that rises above the rest. Heinlein imagines a world both breaktakingly real and manifestly impossible. He makes us care more deeply about unliving things that never existed than the people in our own lives. This is the import of fantasy. Then you have that the story of Mike and Wyoh and his friends builds on technology...geology...physics...politics...human rights. There is no subject that is not more enriched by this text's understanding of it.

1. The Book of the Long Sun by Gene Wolfe

Gene Wolfe wrote these four novels in one incredible gasp. The series begins with the quiescent Nightside the Long Sun, where we are brought to Viron, the place of all our deepest hopes and desires. Like any great tale, it begins in the darkest poverty and ends in it. Three more books follow, each more entrancing and mystifying than the last. The Book of the Long Sun is really one novel, Wolfe's rewriting of the generation starship theme for modern readers. Wolfe is a Catholic " he converted when he married his wife " and his convictions are colorfully borne, yielding lessons for atheist and the most indoctrinated among us. Naturally, our protagonist is a man of considerable faith. Wolfe's imaginings are more real to me now than many actual events, managing to mercilessly strip ourselves of what we believe it is to be human until all that is left is our humanity.

Alex Carnevale is the editor of This Recording. He is a writer living in Manhattan, and he tumbls here.


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