The Conundrum Theory - POSTED - Read the whole thing

Dave World And The God Particle:
The Conundrum Theory
By Dave World ©2011

I first became aware of the God Particle at least fifteen years ago. It could have been 20 years ago. I do not remember if I heard of the God Particle on television or read about it in print. I said to myself, “God Particle, what do they mean, what are they saying”? So I began to read as much as I could about the God Particle. I watched anything about the God Particle that came on television. So, what is the God Particle?

Scientists say it is possibly the smallest subatomic particle in the universe. Some say the God Particle could reveal the origins of the universe. The God Particle is called the Higgs boson, field or particle by the scientific community. It is named after Peter Higgs, an English theoretical physicist. The Higgs boson, what an exciting name, NOT! The God Particle, though, is a thought provoking and intriguing name. As far as I know, the name God Particle started in the press and caught on. Who ever came up with the name God Particle to describe the Higgs boson hit the nail on the head.

I have always had a fascination with particle physics. I grew up in Aurora, Illinois, in the 1960s and the 1970s. During that time Fermilab, which is just outside of Aurora, Illinois, was being planned and then built. When I was eleven I was in a Boy Scout troop that was one of the first groups to tour the new Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. It was a great experience that I remember all these years later. One kid in the troop had a dad who worked at Fermilab. His dad took us all around the underground rings.

Then a couple of the scientists came out and talked to the troop. The scientists explained what was going on in the accelerator, and then took our questions. About a year later my mom took me, my sister and brothers to an opening tour of Fermilab. This was a tour for the general public to come see the new facility. Tour guides showed the people around, took questions and served refreshments. Yes, from an early age I have always had a strong mental image of particle accelerators.

I had been thinking about the God Particle recently, when I came across an entry for a book called The God Particle. I had known about the book for a while, but had never read it. I thought it was probably time to read it. I think that had a lot to do with the advent of the Internet. Just Google the God Particle and see what you get. What an excellent book The God Particle is. I appreciate that the author, Leon Lederman, did not treat readers like we were beneath understanding anything in physics.

In his book Lederman gives us a great history lesson on the atom. I also enjoyed reading about his career. It was very insightful. The book also used humor and metaphors, which gave it a great perspective. A Nobel Prize Laureate, he is also a teacher. In The God Particle, Lederman explains physics so a layperson can comprehend the topic. This information is mostly understandable. The math equations in the book are really complicated, but I would recommend this book to anyone wanting to read about the God Particle.

So here is my theory on the Higgs boson, a.k.a. The God Particle

THE CONUNDRUM THEORY:
EVERY THING IS NOTHING
AND NOTHING IS EVERYTHING

That sounds crazy, I know, but let me break it down like this. Scientists say that the universe which we know today, with billions and billions of stars and vast space, was once the size of an atom much much smaller than a hydrogen atom. They say that the big bang started our universe about fourteen billion years ago. When I say scientists, I mean astrophysicists, theorists, particle physicists, physicists, mathematicians, quantum theorists, experimenters, cosmologists, accelerator builders, and the entire world-wide physics community. The big bang theory is a widely accepted in that scientific community.

It takes a village to find the God Particle. Over the last sixty years, scientists have been able to discover smaller and smaller particles. There are hadrons, quarks and leptons, just to name a few. Now they are saying there may be an even smaller particle: the God Particle.

So, if I say everything is nothing, what I mean is absolute nothing on the subatomic scale. No trace of a particle, no signatures of a particle. There would be no chemical trace, no trace of any kind of energy or anything. Here is the conundrum. Absolute nothing within our physical universe, within the speed of light, 186,000 miles per second, becomes everything beyond the speed of light. So, for a millionth trillionth of a half second where within the speed of light meets, beyond the speed of light is the God Particle. An analogy might be that the God Particle has one toe within the speed of light, and one toe over the speed of light. I know a millionth trillionth of a half second is not the real math number, but you get the idea: too fast to comprehend.

So where is the math to back this up? How do you measure absolute nothing within the speed of light, and everything beyond the speed of light? When I say everything beyond the speed of light what do I mean? Some scientists have theorized beyond the speed of light is an alternate universe. I say beyond the speed of light is opposite of our physical universe but intrinsically linked to our physical universe.

I believe the everything beyond the speed of light is a pure energy that can not necessarily be measured. It may be pure psychic energy, pure spiritual energy, God energy, soul energy. Beyond the speed of light could be all of the above or none of the above. Of course, there is absolutely no scientific proof of any of this.

My partner started reading some of this and said to me, “ I hope you know it is just semantics with all of those subatomic particle physicists”. That may be partly true, but I feel things can be learned from semantics. This is why I am including definitions and terms with this writing, to help keep me on track about the defining of the God Particle.

Conundrum theory says that because the God Particle is both within the speed of light and beyond the speed of light simultaneously, that it has special properties to it. These properties I believe allow for matter to form in our universe. Let me try an analogy that has to do with building a foundation for a new home. The hole is dug for the foundation.The earth in this case represents beyond the speed of light. Next is the base which is usually six inches of washed gravel. The washed gravel represents the God Particle. Next the foundation is poured. This represents our physical universe.

So the God Particle acts as the base for which matter is formed. Of course there could not be a base if there was no ground for the base to sit on. The ground represents everything beyond the speed of light. Because of the ground under the base the base can then hold a foundation, the foundation in this case being our universe. Sound twisted enough? Because of a strong base and foundation, an entire house can be built, or an entire universe.

The Ancient Yin-Yang symbol [will insert image here when I figure out how]

One more analogy is the simple yin-yang symbol. A simple line curves through a circle, separating the two halves. The two halves represent: within the speed of light, and beyond the speed of light. Both completely different, but still of the same thing. The line that separates the two halves is the God Particle. In that place where the two halves meet, is both within the speed of light and beyond the speed of light. The God Particle may define the two halves and thus separate them. Without this action there would be no universe, no within the speed of light or beyond the speed of light, no nothing. How can the God Particle define the two halves? It is one in the same, meaning the God Particle is part of both halves.

Some scientists have theorized that the God Particle is part of a field called the Higgs field. To me this is an intriguing theory. Would that explain why some scientists believe that the God Particle could be pervasive throughout our universe? The God Particle may not be a particle at all. How can absolute nothing within the speed of light be a particle? Or everything beyond the speed of light be a particle? Some scientists have also referred to the God Particle as a zone, place, area, or other dimension. What is the mechanism in which the God Particle affects our universe?

When I say universe, I refer to the dictionary definition. I mean within the speed of light, beyond the speed of light, all seen and unseen matter, in short everything. This is just total speculation on my part. Could the mechanism of the God Particle be a manifestation at work? The Conundrum Theory says that the manifestation occurs when two exact opposites simultaneously are as one, which in turn creates the mechanism for the two exact opposites to exist.

Some theorists have even speculated that the God Particle could be self aware, or that there are different types of God Particles that do different things. When I think of the mechanism of the God Particle, I always end up thinking three dimensionally. Is the mechanism of the God Particle a force, energy, wave, or light? Could it be something that we as humans can not identify because it is unlike anything we have seen in the universe so far? So, where is the math to prove the existence of the Higgs boson a.k.a. the God Particle? Is it possible mathematically to prove the existence of the God Particle? Scientists do not even know for sure of the existence of the God Particle. I am one who believes that if it can be proven mathematically, then scientists are certain to try and prove it experimentally.

THEORIES, THEORIES, AND MORE THEORIES

In the world of physics there are many theories. Some of these theories are: the Big Bang Theory, the Quantum Theory, Supersymmetry, Grand Unification Theory, Superstring Theory, Unified Field Theory, Theory of Relativity, Gauge Theory, Big Crunch Theory, Chaos Theory, Wave Theory, Particle Theory Of Light, Wave Theory Of Light, Electromagnetic Theory, Photo Electric Theory, Quantum Field Theory, and Theory of Everything. Have I named enough? Yet there are many more.

I did a Google search for Paradox Theory and got 16,800,000 results. All of these theories are a good thing in my opinion. These theories keep physics moving along. I feel these theories are here to be proved or disproved scientifically, and mathematically. It is not just about proving a theory right, valuable knowledge can be learned from disproving a theory.

Besides the Theory of Relativity, I am particularly interested in Grand Unification Theory. If Grand Unification Theory was complete, humans would have a better understanding of gravity, something that affects us our entire life here on Earth. There are many theories about gravity. In Einstein's general relativity gravity is described as space-time curvature instead of a force. Is there a opposite of gravity, and I do not mean zero gravity? I mean non-gravity. Conundrum Theory would say yes. Is there non gravity beyond the speed of light? Does the God Particle have a role in why gravity exists in the universe?

How would gravity and non-gravity have a symbiotic relationship where there would be a manifestation between the two that would create the mechanism for both to exist? Again this is just all speculation. Without hard math and scientific experimentation to prove the existence of the God Particle we can not know how it affects interactions in the universe. Today there are many more new theories that describe gravity as waves, or as particle-based. There are also theories that describe gravity as energy with gravitational field lines. Another emerging theory is the New Quantum Gravity Theory, which says split time and space to understand gravity.

God Particle Anatomy: yellow = within the speed of light;
blue = beyond the speed of light; green = manifestation mechanism
[will insert image here when I figure out how]

When I talk about psychic energy, God energy, soul energy, infinite energy, these are of an esoteric nature. How is science supposed to prove esoteric concepts with facts? I am trying to stick to the definitions of energy and force. When I look at those definitions and tie them to esoteric concepts, the scientific proof is not there. Until there is scientific experimentation and mathematics to back up esoteric concepts they remain just concepts.

Esoteric concepts are not without merit, though. If these concepts get us to open our minds to different possibilities, that is a good thing. Thinking about different possibilities can lead us to new theories. New concepts and theories come and go. Sometimes old concepts and theories are revisited with new knowledge that may support of disprove that theory or concept. This is the ebb and flow of physics.

Is the universe symmetrical, asymmetrical or non-symmetrical? The Conundrum Theory would say all three. Within the speed of light where we live is symmetrical. Beyond the speed of light is non symmetrical. Where symmetrical meets non symmetrical, the God Particle resides. Would that make the God Particle asymmetrical? If the God Particle is two complete opposites within one, then is that asymmetrical ? Some scientists have theorized that humans and life add an asymmetrical element to a symmetrical physical universe. Other scientists say they have proven through math that humans and life do not add an asymmetrical element to the universe. I say that humans and life do add an asymmetrical element to the universe. More on that when I get into the philosophy of the God Particle.

I cannot think about the Higgs boson a.k. a. God Particle without considering finite and infinite. The Conundrum theory says that the universe is both infinite and finite. Our physical universe is finite because the total amount of mass came from one source, the big bang. It is infinite because that total mass of our universe was always there, no matter whether it was the size of a subatomic particle, or of the universe we know today. Scientists have also theorized that the universe expands and contracts over many billions of years. This to me speaks of an eternal universe that is always there but just changes shape and size.

Again, is our friend, the God Particle, at work here? Boy, that God Particle must be working overtime to keep a universe this vast going. Another Conundrum Theory question is "What came first, the chicken or the egg?" Just kidding. I was wondering if you were still reading this. The question I asked myself is, “what came first, the Big Bang or the God Particle?” I say the God Particle came before the Big Bang. The God Particle, in my opinion, kicked the whole thing off. Where is the scientific proof?

God Particle points exponentially grown [will insert image here
when I figure out how]

Scientists are getting very close to seeing the very beginning of the universe. Other scientists have theorized that the God Particle did not exist in the beginning of the universe about fourteen billion years ago. Some scientists say the universe was in primordial existence, where there were no particles at all. I say that the God Particle would not have been affected by the intensity of the universe in the first moments after the Big Bang. Some scientists have theorized that the space our universe is expanding into is infinite. Did infinite space exist before the Big Bang?

QUESTIONS, QUESTIONS AND MORE QUESTIONS

There seem at times to be endless questions about the universe we live in and the mystery of life. There are many unanswered questions about the God Particle and its role in our universe. Why are there so many opposites? Infinite and finite, strong force and weak force, with in the speed of light and beyond the speed of light, symmetrical and non symmetrical, positive and negative, gravity and non gravity. Should matter and antimatter be considered opposites? If I go by definitions, they are opposites. Anti-proton has the word opposite in its definition. Does duality theory support the existence of the Higgs boson/God Particle?

Where are the anti-particles in the universe today? Is there anti “anything” beyond the speed of light? Scientists have made great strides in understanding anti-matter in our universe. Where is the matter/anti-matter naturally occurring in the physical universe we know today? Conundrum theory would say the God Particle is why there is matter and antimatter.

Think of the God Particle as a master brake cylinder regulating the various brake functions. In this case the God Particle is a master regulator of what seem to be complete opposites in our universe. Because of this master regulating mechanism of opposites, the God Particle creates existence, without this master regulating mechanism the opposites would cancel each other out, thus no existence. How does the God Particle achieve this master regulating mechanism of opposites?

The word “manifestation” would describe what I am saying. This manifestation of opposites is the God Particle becoming one in the same with both opposites. When the God Particle is one in the same with the opposites, the manifestation occurs with the mechanism, resulting in opposites and existence itself. Why is the God Particle also referred to as the Top Quark, the “Ultimate Particle”?

Once again, I am trying to stick to dictionary definitions. Having read the definitions, I would describe the God Particle as top or ultimate. If the God Particle is top or ultimate, I surmise that the God Particle by definition has a master regulatory role of existance of the universe. Why does the Top Quark as described by physicists have so much mass? The scientists theorize the top quark's mass is rest mass. The top quark, being the God Particle, is nothing and everything at the same time. This might explain why the top quark has the mass that it does. Is the God Particle directly responsible for the size of all particles? This is one of the questions facing physicists today. If the God Particle is responsible for particles existing in the first place, would that determine their size and type? Is the God Particle the Holy Grail of quantum mechanics?

SPIRITUALITY, ESOTERIC MATTERS, RELIGION, AND
GOING WAY OUT ON A PHILOSOPHICAL LIMB

How can I talk about the God Particle without talking about religion? Is there something religion teaches us that we can use in our understanding the God Particle? I do not espouse any one religion. I grew up Catholic, but by the time I was a junior in high school had I stopped going to church, even though I was going to a Catholic High School.

Now I look to religions for their commonality. I learn what I can about their different beliefs. There are common themes that run through the major religions. One common belief is that of a God. Another belief shared by religions is the belief that a soul lives on after we die, or that the soul is reincarnated and lives on that way. There is also common belief in an afterlife in heaven. That we are all God's children is yet another commonality. We are made in the image of God, who created the heavens, earth and universe. God is everything. We humans and all forms of life are part of that everything. These and many more concepts are shared by Earth's religions.

When I was in the sixth grade I was an altar boy. We recited a prayer that, in part, said “We believe in one God, maker of heaven and earth”. That there is no beginning time, and no end time, this was the Catholic way of explaining infinity to humans. Other religions have the same type of prayers, done in their own ways, but still referring to the infinity of God and the universe. I see the major religions as saying that God is infinite, and so are humans.

Is the God Particle part of that infiniteness, or does it create the conditions for infiniteness? Another commonality is a creation story told not only among major religions, but also among indigenous people around the world. Native Americans have a creation story that in full form takes hours to tell. I also find that individual prayer or meditation, and group prayer are both common. A fundamental principle among religions is group worship with song. What is it about the group connecting together spiritually that has been around as long as humans?

On a personal level, let me say that I worked in home health care for twelve years. In my final years, I did end of life hospice care. It was a humbling experience, being there for clients in their last days. Many times the dying person said they saw a light. Some said they had a dream of a light. Several had asked me if I had seen a light. On one occasion I was with a client when that person passed away. I was strange to me, as if her life light had gone out. Is that life light what religions refer to as our soul? This is where I ponder the idea of how the God Particle fits in to our own personal lives.

In our physical universe there are hundreds of billions of galaxies, with hundreds of billions of stars in each one. I know, I sound like Carl Segan now, but when I was growing up I never missed him when he was on the Tonight Show. Consider the size of our Milky Way galaxy compared to the size of the rest of our universe. It is stunningly small.

Then the size of our solar system is even much more of a speck in size, compared to the rest of the universe. The Earth is a relativly small small small speck in the vast universe. When I then consider the size of a human body compared to the size of the universe, it is the tiniest of specks. Then consider the physical size of the human brain compared to the size of the universe. Not even a dust particle compared to the size of the universe. Now consider what the size the human soul could be.

Remember, I am going out on a limb whether you believe in soul or not. Is the human soul a manifestation of a light energy? How is the God Particle involved? Despite being less than a dust particle in size compared to the size of the universe, each of us holds the entire universe within. It is sort of like “everything is nothing and nothing is everything” when I try to think about a human soul that lives, and a body that dies. Do we contain a nothing/everything element that is our soul?

Does the God particle make that possible? We seem to come from nothing. Are humans nothing in the physical sense of our soul? At the same time we are everything and hold the entire universe within us. Is our everything (soul) what lives on eternally? Is it the God Particle that makes the (everything) possible in our soul? The only way the (everything), meaning spirit, soul can exist in the physical universe is to be in a mortal body. Is the God Particle the mechanism of how our souls go from mortal physical world to spiritual eternal? If everything in our physical universe came from a subatomic particle, and that particle was the God Particle, would that mean that the God Particle is in all of us?

When I consider humans as adding an asymmetrical element to the universe, I must consider the definition of soul. If I believe in the concept of soul, is the God Particle passed on through conception? Opposites, a sperm and egg, come together in conception; but particle-wise they are symmetrical. Is it the creation of soul that is the asymmetrical element going on in a symmetrical physical universe? What better way for the God Particle to pass along in the physical universe than during sexual pleasure of human beings, moments when we are at one with the universe?

I believe that if one believes in human soul, then that is a decent argument for an asymmetrical element in the physical universe. I had a client one time that was about two weeks away from dying. He told me it felt like he had lived his life so God could see the world in a unique way. “It is as if we are God looking at God” he told me. By that time he was not scared of death, just afraid about how much he would miss his children. This client of mine also told me that, as he got sicker, he kept getting the feeling he was part of something much bigger.

After he passed away, I went to the service. It was a Traditional Native American and Catholic hybrid service. I thought, “how can they have a dual service”? As it turns out, very well. The commonality between the two is what pulled it all together. Is life somehow intrinsically linked to the God Particle? I mean much more than a link, in that the God Particle may be responsible for the physical universe. Is there a spiritual link? Of course, this is one question science will never be able to answer.

I try to think of a commonality between physics, esotericism, religion and spirit. Religion gives us explanations as to why we are alive and why we die. It also tells us of a loving God. Physics is tries to explain, down to the absolute detail, why the physical universe is the way it is. Does explaining the physical universe down to the smallest detail get us closer to “God”? I say yes. God gave humans the brain power to do just that.

God Particle existence prior to Big Bang is
self-fulfilling prophesy after Big Bang [will insert image here
when I figure out how]

An analogy might be found in the United States landing on the moon in 1969. The public saw the first pictures of earth from the moon. Was that a spiritual moment in the evolution of our species? For the first time in human history we were far enough away from our planet to get a picture of it from that perspective. We then knew the world for what it is, a beautiful, small blue- and-white ball rotating in space. I was a young boy at the time, and I had a new sense of our tiny world in a vast universe.

Will the discovery of the Higgs boson (God Particle) be a spiritual moment in the evolution of our species, like seeing a picture of the whole world for the first time? One thing is for sure, physics is bound to make amazing discoveries in the decades ahead. As the technology evolves, more and more, details will emerge as to just what the entire universe is made of. Could the Higgs boson /God Particle be the key discovery that gives humans an entire picture of the universe? Some scientists have theorized that it will never be found.

Consider Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity, which says that nothing can go faster than the speed of light. Since the God Particle is both beyond the speed of light and within the speed of light simultaneously, does that mean it would be impossible to find the God Particle? Some say it would take infinite energy to go faster than the speed of light. The conundrum might be that infinite energy is just exactly what exists beyond the speed of light.

Even though there is no scientific proof of what is absolutely beyond the speed of light, science still has good theories about what is beyond the speed of light. I feel that the technology to prove those theories is just not developed enough yet. To me religion and physics are complementary. They both in their own way help us answer the eternal question of why are we here. For some people religion helps them understand their mortality, faith, and God.

As physics gains a more complete understanding of the physical universe, it may help us live better lives in that physical universe. Thanks to physics, many technological advances have happened which shaped the modern world. These advances will keep coming, as will their effects in the modern world. Some have theorized that if they find the Higgs boson/God Particle, physics and the world will be changed forever.

I do not like to use the word “find” when it comes to the God Particle. As far as I know, the God Particle is not lost. The word “discover” does not necessary work for me either. One could say human beings are trying to discover the God Particle. Do we know if there is other intelligent life out there in the vast universe? Is there an advanced civilization that has already “discovered” the God Particle?

I have always thought that if there is other intelligent life in the universe, that would be incredible. If Homo sapiens is the only intelligent life in the universe, that would also be incredible. When it comes to the God Particle, they need to observe and record it. Do you have to record the God Particle in order to observe the God Particle? Oh, semantics. You have to love it. Can't live with it, can't talk without it.

I thank Leon Lederman for his eloquently written book, and I am glad there is someone in the physics community who understands that laypeople have an interest in physics. In The God Particle the author refers to God as female in gender. I also see God as female in gender. Not that God really has any specific gender. Why is there Mother Nature, for example? Women perpetuate life. I believe that an earth and universe this beautiful could only be made by a woman. I am a layperson trying to understand the God Particle and what it means to the universe, our world and our lives. I hope you have enjoyed reading this as much as I have writing it. I leave you with some of my favorite quotes.

“Nature is my manifestation of God. I go to nature every day for inspiration in the day's work. I follow in building the principles which nature has used in its domain.” Frank Lloyd Wright

“The cosmic religious experience is the strongest and noblest driving force behind scientific research.” Albert Einstein

GODSPEED, GOD PARTICLE Take care, Dave World

TERMS & DEFINITIONS

anti : 1 a : of the same kind but situated opposite, exerting energy in the opposite direction, or pursing an opposite policy (anticlinal b : one that is opposite in kind to (anticlimax) 2 a : opposing or hostile to in opinion, sympathy, or practice (anti-Semite) b : opposing in effect or activity

antimatter : matter composed of the counterparts of ordinary matter, antiprotons instead of protons, positrons instead of electrons, and antineutrons instead of neutrons

area: 1: a level piece of ground 2: surface included within a set of lines; specif : the number of unit squares equal in measure to the surface 3 : AREAWAY 4 : a particular extent of space of surface or one serving special function 5 : the scope of a concept, operation, or activity : FIELD 6 : a part of the cerebral cortex having a particular function

asymmetric: asymmertria lack of proportion : not symmetrical ill -proportioned

conjecture: 1: interpretation of omens b: supposition 2 a : inference from defective of presumptive evidence SYN CONJECTURE, SURMISE, GUESS mean to draw an inference from slight evidence insufficient for definite knowledge; SURMISE implies even slighter evidence and suggests the influence of imagination or suspicion: GUESS stresses a hitting upon a conclusion either wholly at random or from very uncertain evidence

conundrum: 1 : a riddle whose answer is or involves a pun 2 a : a question or problem having only a conjectural answer b : an intricate and difficult problem synonym: see mystery

cosmology 1 a : a branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of the universe b : a theory or doctrine describing the natural order of the universe 2: a branch of astronomy that deals with the origin, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe; also : a theory dealing with these matters

dimension: to measure out 1: extension in one direction : one of three or four coordinates determining a position in space or space and time 2 : an element represented in an equation by a symbol that functions analogously to symbols representing the three spatial dimensions and regarded as a constituent of a geometric space b : magnitude of extension in one direction or in all directions c : the range over which or the degree to which something extends : bodily form or proportions 3 : wood or stone cut to pieces of specified size

energy: 1 : vitality of expression 2 : the capacity of acting 3 : power forcefully exerted 4 : the capacity for doing work

energy level: one of the stable states of constant energy that may be assumed by a physical system

epistemology : the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge, especially with reference to its limits and validity

esoteric: 1 a : designed for or understood by the specially initiated alone b : of or relating to knowledge that is restricted to a small group 2 : limited to a small circle

eternal 1 a : having infinite duration : EVERLASTING b : of or relating to eternity c : characterized by abiding fellowship with God 2 a : continued without intermission : PERPETUAL b : seemingly endless 3 : INFERNAL 4 : TIMELESS

exponential 1 : of or relating to an exponent 2 : involving a variable exponent (10x is an ~ function) 3 : expressible or approximately expressible by an exponential equation (~curve) - exponentially

field 1 a : an open land area free of woods and buildings b : an area of cleared enclosed land used for cultivation or pasture 2 : an area or division of an activity 3 : a set of mathematical elements that is subject to two binary operations the second of which is distributive to the first and both of which yield an element and that constitutes a commutative group under the first operation and also under the second if the zero or unit element under the first is omitted

finite: 1 a : having definite or definable limits b : having a limited nature or existence 2 a : having a character completely determinable in theory or in fact by enumeration, measurement, or conceptualization b : neither infinite nor infinitesimal 3 : less than an arbitrary positive integer and greater than the negative of that integer

force: 1 a : strength or energy exerted or brought to bear : cause of motion or change : active power b : moral mental strength 2 : an agency or influence that if applied to a free body results chiefly in an acceleration of the body and sometimes in elastic deformation and other affects 3 : a body assigned to a military purpose

god : the supreme or ultimate reality : as: a : the Being perfect in power, wisdom, and goodness whom people worship as creator and ruler of the universe b : the incorporeal divine Principle ruling over all as eternal Spirit : infinite mind : one controlling a particular aspect or part of reality

god particle: an informal name for the Higgs boson

infinite: 1 : subject to no limitations or external determination 2 : extending indefinitely : ENDLESS 3 : immeasurably or inconceivably great or extensive : INEXHAUSTIBLE 4 A : extending or lying beyond any preassigned value however large (number of positive numbers) b: extending to infinity plane surface c : capable of being put into one to one correspondence with a proper part of itself

light : 1 a : something that makes vision possible b : the sensation aroused by stimulation of the visual receptors : BRIGHTNESS c : an electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range including infrared, visible, ultraviolet, and X rays in a vacuum with a speed of about 186,281 miles per second

light year : a unit of length in interstellar astronomy equal to the distance that light travels in one year in a vacuum or 5,878,000,000,000 miles

manifest 1 : readily preceived by the senses and esp. by the sight 2 : easily understood or recognized by the mind : OBVIOUS : to make evident or certain by showing or displaying

manifestation 1 a : the act, process, or an instance of manifesting b : something that manifests c : one of the forms in which an individual is manifested d : an occult phenomenon 2 : a public demonstration of power and purpose

matter 1 : the substance or substances of which any physical object consists or is composed a : physical or corporeal substance in general, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, especially as distinguished from incorporeal substance, as spirit or mind, or from qualities, actions, and the like

mechanism 1 a : a piece of machinery b : a process or technique for achieving a result 2 : mechanical operation or action 3 : a doctrine that holds natural processes (as of life) to be mechanically determined and capable of complete explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry 4 : the fundamental physical or chemical processes involved in or responsible for an action reaction or other natural phenomenon

metaphysics 1 : a division of philosophy that is concerned with the fundamental nature of reality and being and that includes ontology, cosmology, and often epistemology (2) : ontology 2 b : abstract philosophical studies : a study of what is outside objective experience

non : more at no, one : not : reverse of : absence of

ontology 1: a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being 2: a particular theory about the nature of being or the kinds of things that have existence

paradox 1 : a tenet contrary to received opinion 2a : a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true b : a self-contradictory statement that at first seems true c : an argument that apparently derives self-contradictory conclusions by valid deduction from acceptable premises 3 : something (as a person, condition, or act) with seemingly contradictory qualities or phases – paradoxical

parallel 1 a : extending in the same direction, everywhere equidistant and not meeting b : everywhere equally distant ( concentric spheres are~) 2 a : having parallel sides ( a ~ reamer b : being or relating to an electrical circuit having a number of conductors in parallel 3 a : similar, analogous, or interdependent in tendency or development b : readily compared : companion c : having corresponding syntactial elements d : keeping the same distance apart in musical pitch

place 1 a : a way for admission or transit b ; physical environment : SPACE c : physical surroundings : ATMOSPHERE 2 a : an indefinite region or expanse : AREA b : a building or locality used for a special purpose : the three-dimensional compass of a material object 3 a : a particular region or center of population b : HOUSE, HOMESTEAD 4 : a particular part of a surface or body : SPOT 5 a : relative position in a scale or sequence : DEGREE 6 a : a proper or designated niche b : an appropriate moment or point 7 a : an available seat or accommodation b : an empty or vacated position 8 : the position of a figure in relation to others of a row or series and esp. of one occurring after a decimal point 9 a : to identify by connecting with an associated context

quantum mechanics : a general mathematical theory dealing with the interactions of matter and radiation in terms of observable quantities only

quantum theory : a branch of physical theory based on the concept of the subdivision of radiant energy into finite quanta and applied to numerous processes involving transference or trans-formation of energy in an atomic or molecular state

regulate 1 a : to govern or direct according to rule b : to bring under the control of law or constituted authority 2 : to reduce to order, method, or uniformity 3 : to fix or adjust the time, amount, degree, or rate of change

semantics 1 : the study of meanings a : the historical and psychological study and the classification of changes in the signification of words or forms viewed as factors in linguistic development b: SEMIOTICS 2 : a branch of semiotics dealing with the relations between and what they refer to and including theories of denotation, extension, naming and truth 3 a : the meaning or relationship of meanings of a sign or set of signs; connotative meaning b : the exploitation of connotation and ambiguity (as in propaganda)

soul 1 : the immaterial essence, animating principle, or actuating cause of an individual life 2 a : the spiritual principle embodied in human beings, all rational and spiritual beings, or the universe b : GOD 3 : a person's total self 4 a : an active or essential part b : moving spirit : LEADER 5 a : man's moral and emotional nature b : the quality that arouses emotion and sentiment c : spiritual or moral force : FERVOR 6 : person 7 : EXEMPLIFICATION, PERSONIFICATION

speculate 1 a : to meditate on or ponder a subject : REFLECT b : to review something idly or casually and often inconclusively 2 : to assume a business risk in hope of gain

spiritual 1 : of, relating to, or consisting of spirit : INCORPOREAL 2 a : of or relating to sacred matters (songs) b : ecclesiastical rather than lay or temporal (lords) 3 : spiritually akin or related (~home) (~heir) 4 a : of or relating to ghosts or similar super natural beings b : SPIRITUALISTIC

speed of light : the distance light can travel in a unit of time through a given substance : light travels through a vacuum 186,000 miles per second

surmise : to imagine or infer on slight grounds : GUESS : a thought or idea based on scanty evidence : CONJECTURE

symbiosis 1 : the living together in more or less intimate association or close union of two dissimilar organisms 2 : the intimate, living together of two dissimilar organisms in a mutually beneficial relationship; MUTUALISM – symbiotic

symmetrical 1 : having , involving, or exhibiting symmetry 2 : having corresponding points whose connecting lines are bisected by a given point of perpendicularly bisected by a given line or plane (~curves) 3 : being such that the terms may be interchanged without altering the value, character, or truth (~equations) 4 a : capable of division by a longitudinal plane into similar halves (~plant parts) b : having the number of members in each whorl of floral leaves 5 : affecting corresponding parts simultaneously and similarly 6 : exhibiting symmetry in a structural formula : being a derivative with groups substituted symmetrically in the molecule : SYMMETRIC

theory 1 : the analysis of a set of facts in their relation to one another 2 : the general or abstract principles of a body of fact, a science, or an art (music ~) 3 : a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena (wave~ light) 4 a : a hypothesis assumed for t;he sake of argument or investigation b : SUPPOSITION, CONJECTURE c ; a body of theorems presenting a concise systematic view of a subject (~ of equations) 5 : abstract thought : SPECULATION

ultimate 1 a : most remote in space or time : FARTHEST b : last in a progression : FINAL c : EVENTUAL d : EXTREME, UTMOST 2 : finally reckoned 3 a : BASIC FUNDAMENTAL b : incapable of further analysis, division, or separation : ELEMENTAL 4 : MAXIMUM

universe 1 : the whole body of things and phenomena observed or postulated : COSMOS 2 a : a systematic whole held to arise by and persist through the direct intervention of divine power b : the world of human experience c :

MILKY WAY GALAXY : an aggregate of stars comparable to the Milky Way galaxy 3 : a distinct field or province of thought or reality that forms a closed system or self-inclusive and independent organization 4 : POPULATION