The NKTm Unit — A New Measurement Standard for Varying Inertia in Physics

Introduction

Every major physical law comes with its own measurable quantity and a corresponding unit — Newton for force, Pascal for pressure, Joule for energy, and so on.
However, as physics continues to expand into the study of dynamic and variable-mass systems, a new physical concept becomes necessary: varying inertia.

This concept is formalized in the NKTg Law (Law of Varying Inertia), which proposes a new fundamental quantity describing the interaction between position, velocity, and mass. To measure it, a new standard unit called NKTm has been defined — serving as the “Newton” of varying inertia.

Theoretical Foundation

The NKTg Law can be written as:

NKTg = f(x, v, m)

Where:

x = position [L]

v = velocity [L/T]

m = mass [M]

p = m·v = momentum [M·L/T]

Two fundamental expressions of this law are introduced:

NKTg₁ = x·p (Position–Momentum Interaction)

NKTg₂ = (dm/dt)·p (Mass Variation–Momentum Interaction)

Both describe varying inertia and share the same unit — NKTm.

Dimensional Analysis

Depending on which expression dominates, the dimensional form of NKTm changes:

Expression Dimensional Form Description
NKTg₁ = x·p [M·L²/T] Position–Momentum Interaction
NKTg₂ = (dm/dt)·p [M²·L/T²] Mass Variation–Momentum Interaction

This dual form shows that NKTm is a unique and independent unit, not reducible to Newton, Joule, or Watt — affirming that varying inertia is a new measurable physical quantity.

Experimental Verification (NASA Data: Neptune 2023–2024)

To validate the NKTm unit, data from NASA JPL Horizons for Neptune were analyzed:

Quantity Symbol Value
Position x 4.498 × 10⁹ km
Velocity v 5.43 km/s
Mass m 1.0243 × 10²⁶ kg
Momentum p = m·v 5.564 × 10²⁶ kg·m/s

Applying the NKTg Law:

NKTg₁ = x·p = 2.503 × 10³⁶ NKTm

NKTg₂ = (dm/dt)·p = −1.113 × 10²² NKTm

NKTg = √[(NKTg₁)² + (NKTg₂)²] = 2.501 × 10³⁶ NKTm

These results confirm that the NKTm unit yields consistent and scalable measurements, applicable from planetary to engineering scales.

Scientific Significance

The introduction of the NKTm unit represents more than a numerical addition — it defines a new framework in mechanics.
While Newton’s laws and Einstein’s relativity remain foundational, the NKTg Law extends physics to systems with variable mass, such as:

Planets losing atmosphere or mass over time

Spacecraft affected by fuel consumption or exhaust

Complex systems in which energy and mass exchange dynamically

In doing so, the NKTm unit allows these effects to be quantified and compared within a unified standard.

Applications

Astronomy: Models planetary mass loss, gas escape, and long-term orbital evolution using NASA and GRACE-FO data.

Aerospace Engineering: Optimizes fuel usage, models thrust loss, and improves station-keeping for satellites and space stations.

Earth Science: Analyzes global mass variations (ice melting, sea level rise, crustal shifts).

Mechanical Engineering: Helps in studying robots, suspension systems, and variable-mass industrial systems.

Energy & Materials Science: Useful in fuel cells, plasma systems, nanomaterials, and mass-varying chemical processes.

Conclusion

The establishment of the NKTm unit marks a step toward redefining how we measure motion in variable-mass environments.
Just as Newton defined force and Joule defined energy, the NKTm unit defines varying inertia — a quantity that bridges classical and modern physics.

Its independence from existing SI units highlights the fundamental and universal nature of the NKTg Law, providing a new path for research in mechanics, cosmology, and applied sciences.