@McGentrix,
Or, in the case of websites, it's the rate by which a desired action is performed. For commercial websites, a conversion is usually a sale, so the conversion rate is the % of visits which result in a sale. For a noncommercial website, it can be something like how many times a free whitepaper or infographic is downloaded, or how often people sign up for a newsletter or subscribe to a blog or even comment or share.
Either way, the formula is really simple. It's just the number of times the desired outcome happens, divided by the total number of unique visits.